The Italian Branch of EDTNA-ERCA organised a retrospective epidemiological investigation on the spread of HCV infection in dialysis. A questionnaire was sent to 830 Italian dialysis centres to collect information about prevalence and incidence of HCV infection among patients and staff, anti-HCV testing, presumed sources of infection, sanitation procedures and dialysis strategies adopted to prevent or reduce the transmission of HCV infection. Twenty-seven percent of the dialysis centres responded to the questionnaire. The answers confirmed the decline in HCV prevalence and incidence. At variance with official health organisation recommendations, isolation of anti-HCV-positive patients is still used in many centres (25%) despite the fact that it is not advisable in view of the high cost and uncertain benefit. Dedicated machines for anti-HCV-positive patients should be adopted, at least in units with a high prevalence of these cases.