Flap surgery in the distal part of the gluteal region has to deal with a lack of detailed descriptions of the inferior gluteal artery and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. The existing papers are mainly clinical studies, based on low numbers of observations. Our study includes 118 cadaveric gluteal regions. The descending branch was present in 91% and gave rise to a cutaneous branch. When the descending branch was absent, this cutaneous branch came from the medial or lateral femoral circumflex artery or as a perforator of the deep artery of the thigh. The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve was found in a common sheath of connective tissue with the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery in 72% of cases. Nerve loops around the vessel are present in 29%. Our results show that a cutaneous or fasciocutaneous flap, either local or free, in this region can be reliably lifted on a cutaneous branch of the descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery without loss of sensitivity. However, the close relationship of the artery and nerve limits the arc of rotation in the case of a local flap.