There are more than 500 species of microbes in the human bowels, and their total amount reaches 10(14), which is much higher than the total quantity of the cellular content in human organism. The history of teaching about microbiocenosis demonstrates various connections of microorganisms with the bowels and other organs and systems of human body. The available data about the significance of the bowels microbe flora for human organism give grounds for comparing it with the nervous, cardiovascular or any other organism system.