Study objectives: We determine the effect of screening examinations for mental status impairment on the care of elderly patients in the emergency department and prospectively assess recognition of mental status impairment by emergency physicians.
Methods: We performed a prospective cross-sectional study. Patients were 70 years of age or older and presented to an urban teaching hospital ED over a 17-month period. Mental status impairment screening comprised the Orientation Memory Concentration examination for cognitive impairment and the Confusion Assessment Method for delirium. Emergency physicians who were blinded to the patient's screening results were interviewed to assess recognition of mental status impairment, dispositions, and referrals. Results of mental status impairment screens were then given to emergency physicians, and emergency physicians were reinterviewed regarding any change in care.
Results: Two hundred seventy-one of the 327 eligible patients were enrolled. Seventy-four (27%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 22% to 33%) patients had impaired mental status. Nineteen (7%; 95% CI 4% to 11%) had delirium, and 55 (20%; 95% CI 16% to 25%) had cognitive impairment without delirium. Mental status impairment was recognized in only 28 (38%; 95% CI 27% to 50%) of 74 patients: 3 (16%; 95% CI 3% to 40%) of 19 with delirium and 25 (46%; 95% CI 32% to 59%) of 55 with cognitive impairment without delirium. Emergency physicians altered management in none of the study patients on the basis of survey results. Five (26%; 95% CI 9% to 51%) of the 19 patients with delirium were discharged to home. Of these 5 patients discharged to home with unrecognized delirium, 1 presented with fall, 2 returned 3 days later and required hospitalization, and 1 with a history of colon cancer was given a new diagnosis of metastatic disease 4 days after the initial ED visit.
Conclusion: Mental status impairment is highly prevalent in older ED patients. There is a lack of recognition by emergency physicians of mental status impairment in this group. Screening tools for mental status impairment in the ED did not substantially alter the care of elderly patients with mental status impairment.