A tin-complexation strategy for use with diverse acylation methods in the preparation of 1,9-diacyldipyrromethanes

J Org Chem. 2004 Feb 6;69(3):765-77. doi: 10.1021/jo035622s.

Abstract

The acylation of dipyrromethanes to form 1,9-diacyldipyrromethanes is an essential step in the rational synthesis of porphyrins. Although several methods for acylation are available, purification is difficult because 1,9-diacyldipyrromethanes typically streak extensively upon chromatography and give amorphous powders upon attempted crystallization. A solution to this problem has been achieved by reacting the 1,9-diacyldipyrromethane with Bu(2)SnCl(2) to give the corresponding dibutyl(5,10-dihydrodipyrrinato)tin(IV) complex. The reaction is selective for dipyrromethanes that bear acyl groups at both the 1- and 9-positions but otherwise is quite tolerant of diverse substituents. The diacyldipyrromethane-tin complexes are stable to air and water, are highly soluble in common organic solvents, crystallize readily, and chromatograph without streaking. Four methods (Friedel-Crafts, Grignard, Vilsmeier, benzoxathiolium salt) were examined for the direct 1,9-diacylation of a dipyrromethane or the 9-acylation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane. In each case, treatment of the crude reaction mixture with Bu(2)SnCl(2) and TEA at room temperature enabled facile isolation of multigram quantities of the 1,9-diacyldipyrromethane-tin complex. The diacyldipyrromethane-tin complexes could be decomplexed with TFA in nearly quantitative yield. Alternatively, use of a diacyldipyrromethane-tin complex in a porphyrin-forming reaction (reduction with NaBH(4), acid-catalyzed condensation with a dipyrromethane, DDQ oxidation) afforded the desired free base porphyrin in yield comparable to that obtained from the uncomplexed diacyldipyrromethane. The acylation/tin-complexation strategy has been applied to a bis(dipyrromethane) and a porphyrin-dipyrromethane. In summary, the tin-complexation strategy has broad scope, is compatible with diverse acylation methods, and greatly facilitates access to 1,9-diacyldipyrromethanes.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Acylation
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Indicators and Reagents / chemistry
  • Methane / analogs & derivatives*
  • Methane / chemical synthesis*
  • Methanol / analogs & derivatives
  • Molecular Structure
  • Organotin Compounds / chemistry*
  • Porphyrins / chemical synthesis
  • Pyrroles / chemical synthesis*
  • Pyrroles / chemistry

Substances

  • Indicators and Reagents
  • Organotin Compounds
  • Porphyrins
  • Pyrroles
  • Methane
  • Methanol