In the UK and across the Western world there has been a rapid increase in oesophageal adenocarcinoma, such that this cancer is now more common than squamous cell carcinoma. The 5-year mortality from oesophageal adenocarcinoma is >80% and therefore there has been increasing interest in the pre-malignant condition Barrett's oesophagus. Barrett's oesophagus is defined by a visible columnar-lined segment with histopathological evidence of a glandular epithelium, which typically contains intestinal metaplasia. Once Barrett's oesophagus is diagnosed, most centres in the UK offer endoscopic surveillance with the aim to detect early, curable lesions. Surveillance in its current form is cumbersome and expensive, and new endoscopic and molecular developments are hoped to improve the yield of such procedures. The current treatments are symptomatic control of reflux symptoms, with more definitive treatments usually reserved for patients with at least high-grade dysplasia. There is interest in chemoprevention strategies, including proton-pump inhibitors, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and aspirin, but to date none of these have proven effective. Treatment options for high-grade dysplasia include surgery, endoscopic mucosal resection (in the context of a visible lesion) and photodynamic therapy. Comparative studies between various geographical regions, as the predominant histopathological subtypes of oesophageal cancer change, may give us some clues about the pathogenesis of Barrett's adenocarcinoma.