Inhibition of lysosome and proteasome function enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5705-12. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.9.5705-5712.2005.

Abstract

We previously reported that inhibition of endosomal/lysosomal function can dramatically enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity, suggesting that under these conditions productive HIV-1 infection can occur via the endocytic pathway. Here we further examined this effect with bafilomycin A1 (BFLA-1) and show that this enhancement of infectivity extends to all HIV-1 isolates tested regardless of coreceptor usage. However, isolate-specific differences were observed in the magnitude of the effect. This was particularly evident in the case of the weakly infectious HIV-1(SF2), for which we observed the greatest enhancement. Using reciprocal chimeric viruses, we were able to determine that both the disproportionate increase in the infectivity of HIV-1(SF2) in response to BFLA-1 and its weak infectivity in the absence of BFLA-1 mapped to its envelope gene. Further, we found HIV-1(SF2) to have lower fusion activity and to be 12-fold more sensitive to the fusion inhibitor T-20 than HIV-1(NL4-3). Proteasomal inhibitors also enhance HIV-1 infectivity, and we report that the combination of a lysosomal and a proteasomal inhibitor greatly enhanced infectivity of all isolates tested. Again, HIV-1(SF2) was unique in exhibiting a synergistic 400-fold increase in infectivity. We also determined that inhibition of proteasomal function increased the infectivity of HIV-1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. The evidence presented here highlights the important role of the lysosomes/proteasomes in the destruction of infectious HIV-1(SF2) and could have implications for the development of novel antiviral agents that might take advantage of these innate defenses.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Cell Line
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology
  • HIV Infections / genetics
  • HIV Infections / virology*
  • HIV-1 / physiology*
  • Humans
  • Lysosomes / drug effects
  • Lysosomes / metabolism*
  • Macrolides / pharmacology
  • Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / metabolism
  • Proteasome Inhibitors*
  • Recombination, Genetic
  • Species Specificity
  • Virus Replication

Substances

  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Macrolides
  • Proteasome Inhibitors
  • bafilomycin A1
  • Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex