Kidney transplant from a living donor is known to be the best renal replacement therapy. While not as common as in northern Europe and the USA, living donor transplants are on the rise in Italy. Although there is a large body of evidence in the literature about the safety of the surgical procedure, the risk of long-term complications for the donor has not been clearly defined because of the lack of studies with adequate follow-up and a sufficient number of subjects involved. The main questions concern the development of chronic kidney disease in the donor, expressed as a GFR decline or the presence of microalbuminuria. The physiopathological basis of GFR decline and proteinuria development may differ from the model of nephropathy in patients with two kidneys, and this could involve prognostic differences too, particularly with regard to the cardiovascular risk. Detailed and prolonged follow-up programs are needed to monitor and, if necessary, treat long-term complications in kidney donors.