Understanding how alterations in mitochondrial function in different cells and tissues impacts the aging process remains one of the greatest challenges facing biogerontologists. Here, we discuss the recent upsurge in research in this area using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. Topics that are discussed include age-related changes in mitochondrial function, mitochondrial oxidative stress and lifespan, life extension mediated by moderate knock-down of genes important for mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function, and the relationship between dietary restriction and ETC activity. Finally, we review recent approaches to supplement the endogenous fly ETC with a single-subunit mitochondrial respiratory enzyme from yeast.
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