Risk factors and complications associated with difficult retrieval of embolic protection devices in carotid artery stenting

Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012 Feb;35(1):43-8. doi: 10.1007/s00270-011-0117-y. Epub 2011 Mar 9.

Abstract

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the risk factors and complications of difficult retrieval (DR) of embolic protection devices (EPDs) in carotid artery stenting (CAS).

Methods: A total of 195 consecutive patients who underwent CAS between December 2007 and March 2010 in a general hospital were enrolled and divided into two groups: with DR and without DR. The risk factors of DR were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses. The complications of DR were recorded and analyzed.

Results: A total of 30 (15.4%) patients with DR of EPDs were observed, of whom EPDs were successfully retrieved in 29, and in 1 was it taken out by surgical treatment. The retrieval time was significantly longer in patients with DR (490.5 ± 143.9 s) than in patients without DR (157.2 ± 15.7 s, p = 0.000). Vasospasm was observed more frequently in patients with DR than in patients without DR (55.2% vs. 14.5%, p = 0.000). Intracranial compilations were more frequent in patients with DR than in those without DR (17.2% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.000). Calcified plaques, degree of residual stenosis, types of the stents, and tortuosity index (TI > 80°) were all associated with DR. A logistic regression analysis indicated that calcified plaques (odds ratio (OR) = 6.5; p = 0.000) and TI > 80° (OR = 18.8; p = 0.000) were independent predictors of DR.

Conclusions: Calcified plaques and TI > 80° may be related to DR in patients with CAS. DR may lengthen the retrieving time and increase the complications of the procedure.

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Carotid Arteries / diagnostic imaging*
  • Carotid Stenosis / complications*
  • Carotid Stenosis / diagnostic imaging*
  • Cerebral Angiography
  • Chi-Square Distribution
  • Device Removal* / adverse effects
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Intracranial Embolism / prevention & control*
  • Logistic Models
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Registries
  • Risk Factors
  • Stents*
  • Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Substances

  • Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors