[Surgery for pulmonary multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis] For pulmonary MDR tuberculosis the author (me) had been operating many cases in Fukujuji Hospital JATA in fifteen years. For treatment, the points of operations are as follows: 1) Surgery is one of many treatable events, 2) The strategy is that cavitary foci as major sites of tuberculous expectoration have to be removed and other small foci are treated by not strong chemotherapies, 3) Final goal of surgical treatments is set up preoperatively, and its procedures are stepped up gradually. [Surgery for pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM)] Major sites of pulmonary NTM expectorations are cavitary foci and bronchiectases. Main strategy of surgery for pulmonary NTM is the same as MDR tuberculosis, but multi-resections of cavitary and ectatic foci are more than MDR tuberculosis. Control rate of X-ray images is 80%, negative conversion rate is 88.9% in cases with more than one year postoperatively. But new or residual foci will be gradually growing up for several years postoperatively, so many discussions of surgical strategy for NTM are necessary now. [Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis] Surgical treatments of pulmonary aspergillosis are difficult. Operations for them are mainly two procedures, resection of foci or no resection. The former is more radical than the later, but mortality rate is higher than usual pulmonary resection. However I think chest surgeons have to challenge to remove aspergillous foci, not aspergilloma but chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis.