Recent research has revealed the existence of a class of small non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs. These microRNAs are deregulated in various cancers including gliomas. MicroRNAs have been suggested to be important in cancer stem cell biology and in proliferation and chemosensitivity of cancer cells. This makes microRNAs obvious targets for novel therapeutic strategies. In the present article we focus on the role of microRNAs in cancer cells and cancer stem cells as well as the possible therapeutic approaches exploiting this knowledge to improve future glioma therapy.