A high prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported among men with primary or chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To gain further insight into the contribution of HIV infection, we compared the BMD of 41 men who have sex with men (MSM) with primary HIV infection, 106 MSM with chronic HIV infection, and a control group of 30 MSM without HIV infection. Low BMD, defined as a z score of ≥ 2.0 SDs below the mean at the lumbar spine or hip, was highly prevalent in all 3 groups. In the multivariate analyses, HIV infection was not associated with BMD, suggesting that low BMD previously reported in HIV-infected MSM may predate HIV acquisition.