Effect of the piperazine unit and metal-binding site position on the solubility and anti-proliferative activity of ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)- arene complexes of isomeric indolo[3,2-c]quinoline-piperazine hybrids

Inorg Chem. 2014 Jul 7;53(13):6934-43. doi: 10.1021/ic500825j. Epub 2014 Jun 13.

Abstract

In this study, the indoloquinoline backbone and piperazine were combined to prepare indoloquinoline-piperazine hybrids and their ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes in an effort to generate novel antitumor agents with improved aqueous solubility. In addition, the position of the metal-binding unit was varied, and the effect of these structural alterations on the aqueous solubility and antiproliferative activity of their ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes was studied. The indoloquinoline-piperazine hybrids L(1-3) were prepared in situ and isolated as six ruthenium and osmium complexes [(η(6)-p-cymene)M(L(1-3))Cl]Cl, where L(1) = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-2-N-amine, M = Ru ([1a]Cl), Os ([1b]Cl), L(2) = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-4-N-amine, M = Ru ([2a]Cl), Os ([2b]Cl), L(3) = 6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl-methylene)-11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-8-N-amine, M = Ru ([3a]Cl), Os ([3b]Cl). The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity of the isomeric ruthenium and osmium complexes [1a,b]Cl-[3a,b]Cl was examined in vitro and showed the importance of the position of the metal-binding site for their cytotoxicity. Those complexes containing the metal-binding site located at the position 4 of the indoloquinoline scaffold ([2a]Cl and [2b]Cl) demonstrated the most potent antiproliferative activity. The results provide important insight into the structure-activity relationships of ruthenium- and osmium-arene complexes with indoloquinoline-piperazine hybrid ligands. These studies can be further utilized for the design and development of more potent chemotherapeutic agents.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Binding Sites
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects*
  • Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
  • Humans
  • Metals / chemistry*
  • Models, Molecular
  • Osmium Compounds / chemistry*
  • Osmium Compounds / pharmacology*
  • Piperazines / chemistry*
  • Ruthenium Compounds / chemistry*
  • Ruthenium Compounds / pharmacology*
  • Solubility
  • Structure-Activity Relationship

Substances

  • Metals
  • Osmium Compounds
  • Piperazines
  • Ruthenium Compounds