Immunoregulation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) involves the delicate balance between the desirable graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect and the prevention of the undesirable graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory and malignant diseases. Especially in autoimmune diseases, allergy and GvHD numerous dysregulated miRNAs have been identified. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in the immunoregulation after allo-HSCT. Moreover, we give an outlook on potential new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including the use of miRNAs as clinical biomarkers and the manipulation of immune responses using miRNA mimetics.
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.