The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the objective clinical response (cOR), pathological complete response (pCR), and progression-free survival (PFS) in 231 Russian patients with four subtypes of breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. About 130 (56.3 %) patients received anthracycline-based, 56 (24.2 %) capecitabine-containing (CAX), 28 (12.1 %) taxotere and 17 (7.4 %) non-anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens at the Tomsk Cancer Research Institute between 2000 and 2010. Tumors were subtyped according to the hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemical data. The majority of tumors (48.9 %) were ER+/PR+ and HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-), 10.4 % were ER+ PR+ and HER2-positive (HR+/HER2+), 9.1 % were ER-/PR- and HER2-overexpressed (HER2-enriched) and 31.6 % were ER-/PR- and HER2-negative (triple negative). Both cOR and pCR were significantly higher in the triple-negative tumors compared to the other subtypes (P = 0.021 and P = 0.033, respectively). Among the four chemotherapy regimens, only CAX regimen had a predictive value for cOR (HR 2.30, 95 % CI 1.16-4.58, P = 0.009). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the triple-negative subtype (HR 2.54, 95 % CI 1.06-1.42, P = 0.011) and CAX regimen (HR 3.01, 95 % CI 1.01-1.46, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with cOR. No association between patient's PFS and a tumor subtype was observed. However, there was a trend for a prolonged PFS among patients with cOR (P = 0.056). Our data indicate a potentially better prognosis for triple-negative breast cancer patients if treated with the CAX neoadjuvant regimen.