Uptake and localization mechanisms of fluorescent and colored lipid probes. Part 2. QSAR models that predict localization of fluorescent probes used to identify ("specifically stain") various biomembranes and membranous organelles

Biotech Histochem. 2015 May;90(4):241-54. doi: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1005129. Epub 2015 Mar 24.

Abstract

We discuss a variety of biological targets including generic biomembranes and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes/lysosomes, Golgi body, mitochondria (outer and inner membranes) and the plasma membrane of usual fluidity. For each target, we discuss the access of probes to the target membrane, probe uptake into the membrane and the mechanism of selectivity of the probe uptake. A statement of the QSAR decision rule that describes the required physicochemical features of probes that enable selective staining also is provided, followed by comments on exceptions and limits. Examples of probes typically used to demonstrate each target structure are noted and decision rule tabulations are provided for probes that localize in particular targets; these tabulations show distribution of probes in the conceptual space defined by the relevant structure parameters ("parameter space"). Some general implications and limitations of the QSAR models for probe targeting are discussed including the roles of certain cell and protocol factors that play significant roles in lipid staining. A case example illustrates the predictive ability of QSAR models. Key limiting values of the head group hydrophilicity parameter associated with membrane-probe interactions are discussed in an appendix.

Keywords: QSAR; biomembranes; labeling mechanisms; lipid probes; organelle labeling; probe targeting; selective staining.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Cell Membrane / metabolism
  • Fluorescent Dyes / chemistry
  • Fluorescent Dyes / metabolism*
  • Lipids / chemistry*
  • Mitochondria / metabolism
  • Organelles / metabolism*
  • Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Staining and Labeling*

Substances

  • Fluorescent Dyes
  • Lipids