Antibiotic de-escalation: observational causal inference and culture dependence

Affiliations

• ¹ Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital-NW628, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. kitsiosg@upmc.edu.
• ² Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital-NW628, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
• ³ Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.