Double-network theory is extended to include guest-host interactions, enabling injectability and cytcompatibility of tough hydrogels. Noncovalent interactions are used as a sacrificial network to toughen covalently crosslinked hydrogels formed from hyaluronic acid. Shear thinning of supramolecular bonds allows hydrogel injection and rapid self-healing, while gentle reaction conditions permit cell encapsulation with high viability.
Keywords: biomaterials; double networks; supramolecular chemistry; tissue engineering.
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