Metainflammation in Diabetic Coronary Artery Disease: Emerging Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

J Diabetes Res. 2016:2016:6264149. doi: 10.1155/2016/6264149. Epub 2016 Aug 16.

Abstract

Globally, noncommunicable chronic diseases such as Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are posing a major threat to the world. T2DM is known to potentiate CAD which had led to the coining of a new clinical entity named diabetic CAD (DM-CAD), leading to excessive morbidity and mortality. The synergistic interaction between these two comorbidities is through sterile inflammation which is now being addressed as metabolic inflammation or metainflammation, which plays a pivotal role during both early and late stages of T2DM and also serves as a link between T2DM and CAD. This review summarises the current concepts on the role played by both innate and adaptive immune responses in setting up metainflammation in DM-CAD. More specifically, the role played by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD1-like receptors (NLRs), Rig-1-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs) and metabolic endotoxemia in fuelling metainflammation in DM-CAD would be discussed. Further, the role played by adaptive immune cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th9 cells) in fuelling metainflammation in DM-CAD will also be discussed.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adaptive Immunity / immunology*
  • Coronary Artery Disease / etiology
  • Coronary Artery Disease / immunology*
  • DEAD Box Protein 58 / immunology
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate / immunology*
  • Inflammation / immunology*
  • Lectins, C-Type / immunology
  • NLR Proteins / immunology
  • Receptors, Pattern Recognition / immunology
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology*
  • Th1 Cells / immunology
  • Th17 Cells / immunology
  • Th2 Cells / immunology
  • Toll-Like Receptors / immunology

Substances

  • Lectins, C-Type
  • NLR Proteins
  • Receptors, Pattern Recognition
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • DEAD Box Protein 58