Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common health problem that affects women of reproductive age. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs are important factors in miscarriage. This study investigated the role of miR-16 in regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the pathogenesis of RSA. In this report, clinical samples revealed that miR-16 expression was significantly elevated in the villi and decidua of RSA patients. In vitro, miR-16 upregulation inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Conversely, the downregulation of miR-16 reversed these effects. In vivo, we demonstrated that abnormal miR-16 levels affect the weights of the placenta and embryo and the number of progeny and microvascular density, as well as cause recurrent abortions by controlling VEGF expression in pregnant mice. VEGF, a potential target gene of miR-16, was inversely correlated with miR-16 expression in the decidua of clinical samples. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter system demonstrated that miR-16 was found to directly downregulate the expression of VEGF by binding a specific sequence of its 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). Collectively, these data strongly suggest that miR-16 regulates placental angiogenesis and development by targeting VEGF expression and is involved in the pathogenesis of RSA.