Arsenic in stream waters is bioaccumulated but neither biomagnified through food webs nor biodispersed to land

Abstract

Human activities such as mining have contributed substantially to the increase of metals in aquatic environments worldwide. These metals are bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms and can be biomagnified along trophic webs. The dispersal of contaminants from water to land has been little investigated, even though most aquatic invertebrates in streams have aerial stages. We used field and laboratory approaches to investigate the effects of arsenic pollution on stream invertebrate assemblages, and its bioaccumulation, biomagnification and trophic transfer from aquatic to terrestrial environments by emergent insects. We conducted the study in an arsenic-impacted stream (40μgL^-1 As at the most polluted site) and a reference stream (0.3μgL^-1 As). Invertebrate abundance and richness were lowest at the most impacted site. Arsenic in biofilm and in invertebrates increased with the arsenic content in the water. The highest arsenic accumulators were bryophytes (1760μgg^-1), followed by the biofilm (449μgg^-1) and shredder invertebrates (313μgg^-1); predators had the lowest arsenic concentration. Insects emerging from water and spiders along streambanks sampled from the reference and the impacted stream did not differ in their body arsenic concentrations. In the laboratory, the shredder Sericostoma vittatum had reduced feeding rates when exposed to water from the impacted stream in comparison with the reference stream (15.6 vs. 19.0mg leaves mg body mass^-1 day^-1; p<0.05), but they grew faster in the polluted water (0.16±0.04% day^-1vs. 0.05±0.01% day^-1, p<0.05). S. vittatum exposed to contaminated stream water accumulated arsenic from food, not through contact with water. We concluded that although arsenic is bioaccumulated, mainly by food ingestion, it is not biomagnified through food webs and is not transported from the aquatic to terrestrial environment when insects leave the stream water.

Keywords: Arsenic contamination; Biomagnification; Isotopic approach; Macroinvertebrates; Water quality.