Current status of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Cancer Gene Ther. 2017 Mar;24(3):130-133. doi: 10.1038/cgt.2016.58. Epub 2017 Feb 10.

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) contain tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their presence provides an opportunity and rationale for developing effective forms of immunotherapy. The types of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells and relevant immune checkpoint inhibitors are the focus of active investigation. The most numerous tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and CD3+ T cells. Studies have shown that patients with GISTs that harbor increased numbers of CD3+ T cells have better outcomes. However, the clinical behavior of GIST has not been shown to correlate with the number of TAMs. The biological significance of other less frequent tumor-infiltrating immune cells including tumor-infiltrating neurtrophils (TINs), natural killer cells (NKs), B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) remains unclear. The immune checkpoint inhibitors CTLA-4, PD1/PDL1 and TIM3/galectin-9 are molecules that can be targeted by synthesized antibodies. Clinical and pre-clinical trials using this approach against immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-KIT antibody and the generation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have shown promising results. The treatment of GIST with immunotherapy is complex and evolving; this article reviews its current status for patients with GISTs.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / pharmacology
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / therapeutic use
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Cancer Vaccines / therapeutic use
  • Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / adverse effects
  • Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / methods
  • Combined Modality Therapy
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Cytokines / therapeutic use
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / immunology*
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / metabolism
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / pathology
  • Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / therapy*
  • Humans
  • Immune System / cytology
  • Immune System / drug effects
  • Immune System / immunology
  • Immune System / metabolism
  • Immunomodulation / drug effects
  • Immunotherapy* / adverse effects
  • Immunotherapy* / methods
  • Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / drug effects
  • Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / immunology
  • Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / metabolism
  • Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / pathology
  • Molecular Targeted Therapy
  • Tumor Microenvironment / immunology

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Cancer Vaccines
  • Cytokines