Epidemiology and clinical profile of pathogens responsible for the hospitalization of children in Sousse area, Tunisia

PLoS One. 2017 Nov 17;12(11):e0188325. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188325. eCollection 2017.

Abstract

This study aimed to identify a broad spectrum of respiratory pathogens from hospitalized and not-preselected children with acute respiratory tract infections in the Farhat Hached University-hospital of Sousse, Tunisia. Between September 2013 and December 2014, samples from 372 children aged between 1 month and 5 years were collected, and tested using multiplex real-time RT-PCR by a commercial assay for 21 respiratory pathogens. In addition, samples were screened for the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae 16S rDNA using real-time PCR. The viral distribution and its association with clinical symptoms were statistically analyzed. Viral pathogens were detected in 342 (91.93%) of the samples of which 28.76% were single positive and 63.17% had multiple infections. The most frequent detected viruses were rhinovirus (55.64%), respiratory syncytial virus A/B (33.06%), adenovirus (25.00%), coronavirus NL63, HKU1, OC43, and 229E (21.50%), and metapneumovirus A/B (16.12%). Children in the youngest age group (1-3 months) exhibited the highest frequencies of infection. Related to their frequency of detection, RSV A/B was the most associated pathogen with patient's demographic situation and clinical manifestations (p<0.05). Parainfluenza virus 1-4 and parechovirus were found to increase the risk of death (p<0.05). Adenovirus was statistically associated to the manifestation of gastroenteritis (p = 0.004). Rhinovirus infection increases the duration of oxygen support (p = 0.042). Coronavirus group was statistically associated with the manifestation of bronchiolitis (p = 0.009) and laryngitis (p = 0.017). Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA was detected in 143 (38.44%) of tested samples. However, only 53 samples had a concentration of C-reactive protein from equal to higher than 20 milligrams per liter, and 6 of them were single positive for Streptocuccus pneumoniae. This study confirms the high incidence of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in the Sousse area, Tunisia.

MeSH terms

  • Adenoviridae / genetics
  • Adenoviridae / pathogenicity
  • Bronchiolitis / epidemiology*
  • Bronchiolitis / virology
  • C-Reactive Protein / metabolism
  • Child, Preschool
  • Coronavirus / genetics
  • Coronavirus / pathogenicity
  • Female
  • Gastroenteritis / epidemiology*
  • Gastroenteritis / virology
  • Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data*
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Laryngitis / epidemiology*
  • Laryngitis / virology
  • Male
  • Metapneumovirus / genetics
  • Metapneumovirus / pathogenicity
  • Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Parechovirus / genetics
  • Parechovirus / pathogenicity
  • Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / epidemiology*
  • Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / virology
  • Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / genetics
  • Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / pathogenicity
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / epidemiology*
  • Respiratory Tract Infections / virology
  • Respirovirus / genetics
  • Respirovirus / pathogenicity
  • Rhinovirus / genetics
  • Rhinovirus / pathogenicity
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae / genetics
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae / pathogenicity
  • Tunisia / epidemiology

Substances

  • C-Reactive Protein