1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy Departments of Anesthesia and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L E I C A), Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Departments of Anesthesia, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, mgabreu@uniklinikum-dresden.de, For the European Society of Anaesthesiology and the PROtective VEntilation Network.