Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

J Pediatr. 2018 Jul:198:265-272.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011. Epub 2018 May 2.

Abstract

Objective: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test.

Study design: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14).

Results: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r27 = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%.

Conclusions: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

Keywords: Sniffin' Sticks; children; olfaction; olfactory dysfunction; smell testing.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Internationality
  • Male
  • Odorants*
  • Olfaction Disorders / congenital*
  • Olfaction Disorders / diagnosis*
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Smell / physiology*

Supplementary concepts

  • Congenital anosmia