Real-world use of procalcitonin and other biomarkers among sepsis hospitalizations in the United States: A retrospective, observational study

PLoS One. 2018 Oct 17;13(10):e0205924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205924. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Background: Sepsis management guidelines endorse use of biomarkers to support clinical assessment and treatment decisions in septic patients. The impact of biomarkers on improving patient outcomes remains uncertain.

Methods: Retrospective observational study of adult sepsis discharges between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015, from Premier Healthcare Database hospitals. Sepsis was defined by an All Patients Refined Diagnosis-Related Group code of 720 (septicemia and disseminated infections). Use of four biomarker strategies was evaluated based on hospital records: (i) >1 procalcitonin (PCT), (ii) 1 PCT, (iii) no PCT but ≥1 C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or lactate and (iv) no sepsis biomarkers. Associations between biomarker use and clinical and cost outcomes were examined. The primary outcome was impact of biomarker strategy on hospital costs per day.

Results: Among 933,591 adult sepsis discharges during the study period, 731,392 (78%) had biomarker tests ordered. In multivariable analyses, discharges with >1 PCT had higher hospital costs per day ($1,904; 95% confidence interval [CI] $1,896-$1,911) compared with discharges with no sepsis biomarkers ($1,606; 95% CI $1,658-$1,664). Discharges with >1 PCT also had greater illness severity and antimicrobial exposure compared with other biomarker-use groups. The adjusted odds of dying during hospital stay compared with being discharged were significantly lower for sepsis discharges with >1 PCT (0.64; 95% CI 0.61-0.67) and 1 PCT (0.88; 95% CI 0.85-0.91) compared with no sepsis biomarker use. The proportion of discharges with ≥1 PCT increased almost six-fold during the study; use of other biomarkers remained constant.

Conclusions: Between 2012 and 2015, PCT use among sepsis discharges increased six-fold while lactate and CRP use remained unchanged. PCT use was associated with decreased odds of in-hospital mortality but increased hospital costs per day. Serial biomarker monitoring may be associated with improved patient outcomes in the most critically ill septic patients.

Publication types

  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Female
  • Hospitalization*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Procalcitonin / blood*
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Sepsis / blood*
  • Treatment Outcome
  • United States
  • Young Adult

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Procalcitonin

Grants and funding

Roche Diagnostics provided financial support for data acquisition and analysis. Support for medical writing assistance was provided by Roche Diagnostics International Ltd. Roche Diagnostics provided salary support for MM and JM, who are employees of Roche Diagnostics. Roche Diagnostics provided financial support for data acquisition through purchase of a license for the Premier Healthcare Database. In addition, Roche Diagnostics provided support for data analysis through a contract with Genesis Research (XZ and FAC are employees of Genesis Research). Other than providing financial support for the aforementioned items, the funder did not play a role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Genesis Research LLC provided support in the form of salaries for authors XZ and FAC, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.