Association of bone mineral density and fat fraction with magnetic susceptibility in inflamed trabecular bone

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and magnetic susceptibility, and between proton density fat fraction and susceptibility, in inflamed trabecular bone.

Methods: Two different phantoms modeling the fat fraction (FF) and BMD values of healthy bone marrow and disease states were scanned using a multiecho gradient echo acquisition at 3T. After correction for fat-water chemical shift, susceptibility mapping was performed, and susceptibility measurements were compared with BMD and FF values using linear regression. Patients with spondyloarthritis were scanned using the same protocol, and susceptibility values were calculated in areas of inflamed bone (edema) and fat metaplasia, both before and after accounting for the contribution of fat to the total susceptibility.

Results: Susceptibility values in the phantoms were accurately described by a 2D linear function, with a negative correlation between BMD and susceptibility and a positive correlation between FF and susceptibility (adjusted R² = 0.77; P = 3·10^-5 ). In patients, significant differences in susceptibility were observed between fat metaplasia and normal marrow, but these differences were eliminated by removing the fat contribution to the total susceptibility.

Conclusions: BMD and proton density fat fraction both influence the total susceptibility of bone marrow and failure to account for the fat contribution could lead to errors in BMD quantification. We propose a method for removing the fat contribution from the total susceptibility, based on the observed linear relationship between susceptibility and FF. In inflamed bone, the overall increase in susceptibility in areas of fat metaplasia is at least partly due to increased fat content.

Keywords: QSM; bone marrow; bone mineral density; inflammation; magnetic susceptibility; proton density fat fraction; spondyloarthritis.