During the 16th century and at the beginning of the 17th century the age-old competition between scholarly doctors and folk healers became more and more serious, creating a division between the two categories entrusted with treating population diseases. On one side there were the representatives who practiced medicine in an official capacity, and on the other, the "others", that is, the charlatans, the acrobats and female healers. Two representatives of these contrasting approaches of practicing medicine within the health profession during that historical period were two Italian doctors, Domenico Lanzoni and Giuseppe Rosaccio. Together, with their ties to the city of Bologna and the bolognese Carracci family of painters, they were able to describe in complete detail these two types of practices as medical sciences of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century.