1 Division of Vascular Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
2 Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
3 Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
4 Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
5 Division of Cardiac Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: Richard.Whitlock@phri.ca.