Longer Delays in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pastoralist Setting, Eastern Ethiopia

Fentabil Getnet; Meaza Demissie; Alemayehu Worku; Tesfaye Gobena; Rea Tschopp; Berhanu Seyoum

doi:10.2147/RMHP.S258186

Longer Delays in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pastoralist Setting, Eastern Ethiopia

Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020 Jun 17:13:583-594. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S258186. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Fentabil Getnet^{1

2}, Meaza Demissie³, Alemayehu Worku^{3

4}, Tesfaye Gobena², Rea Tschopp^{5

6

7}, Berhanu Seyoum⁵

Affiliations

¹ College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.
² School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
³ Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁴ School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁵ Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶ Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
⁷ University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the extent of patient, health system and total delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Somali pastoralist setting, Ethiopia.

Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study among 444 confirmed new pulmonary TB patients aged ≥15 years in 5 TB care units was conducted between December 2017 and October 2018. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and record review. We measured delays from symptom onset to provider visit, provider visit to diagnosis and diagnosis to treatment initiation. Delays were summarized using median days. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare delays between categories of explanatory variables. The Log-binomial regression model was used to reveal factors associated with health system delay ≥15 days, presented in adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: The median age of patients was 30 years, ranged from 15 to 82. The majority (62.4%) were male, and nearly half (46.4%) were pastoralists. The median patient, health system and total delays were 30 (19-48.5), 14 (4.5-29.5) and 50 (35-73.5) days, respectively. The median patient delay (35.5 days) and total delay (58.5 days) among pastoralists were substantially higher than the equivalent delays among non-pastoralists [p<0.001]. Of all, 3.8% of patients (16 of 18 were pastoralists) delayed longer than 6 months without initiating treatment. Factors associated with health system delay ≥15 days were mild symptoms [APR (95% CI) = 1.4 (1.1-1.7)], smear-negativity [APR (95% CI) = 1.2 (1.01-1.5)], first visit to health centers [APR (95% CI) = 1.6 (1.3-2.0)] and multiple provider contacts [APR (95% CI) = 5.8 (3.5-9.6)].

Conclusion: Delay in diagnosis and treatment remains a major challenge of tuberculosis control targets in pastoralist settings of Ethiopia. Efforts to expand services tailored to transhumance patterns and diagnostic capacity of primary healthcare units need to be prioritized.

Keywords: health system delay; pastoralist; patient delay; total delay; tuberculosis.

Grants and funding

This study was funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in the frame of the Jigjiga One Health Initiative (JOHI) and Jigjiga University. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and Armauer Hansen Research Institute also provided logistic support. Funding bodies had no role in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of findings.