Defining the Protein Seeds of Neurodegeneration using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assays

Biomolecules. 2020 Aug 25;10(9):1233. doi: 10.3390/biom10091233.

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of disease-related misfolded proteins. It is now widely understood that the characteristic self-amplifying (i.e., seeding) capacity once only attributed to the prions of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases is a feature of other misfolded proteins of neurodegenerative diseases, including tau, Aβ, and αSynuclein (αSyn). Ultrasensitive diagnostic assays, known as real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays, exploit these seeding capabilities in order to exponentially amplify protein seeds from various biospecimens. To date, RT-QuIC assays have been developed for the detection of protein seeds related to known prion diseases of mammals, the αSyn aggregates of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, and the tau aggregates of Alzheimer's disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and other tauopathies including progressive supranuclear palsy. Application of these assays to premortem human biospecimens shows promise for diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease and is an area of active investigation. RT-QuIC assays are also powerful experimental tools that can be used to dissect seeding networks within and between tissues and to evaluate how protein seed distribution and quantity correlate to disease-related outcomes in a host. As well, RT-QuIC application may help characterize molecular pathways influencing protein seed accumulation, transmission, and clearance. In this review we discuss the application of RT-QuIC assays as diagnostic, experimental, and structural tools for detection and discrimination of PrP prions, tau, and αSyn protein seeds.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; RT-QuIC; biomarkers; neurodegeneration; prions; protein seeds; strains; tau; αSynuclein.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers / chemistry
  • Biomarkers / metabolism
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Computer Systems
  • High-Throughput Screening Assays / methods
  • Humans
  • Models, Neurological
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins / chemistry
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins / metabolism*
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases / diagnosis
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases / etiology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases / metabolism*
  • Prions / chemistry
  • Prions / metabolism
  • Protein Aggregates
  • Protein Folding
  • Proteostasis Deficiencies / etiology
  • Proteostasis Deficiencies / metabolism
  • alpha-Synuclein / chemistry
  • alpha-Synuclein / metabolism
  • tau Proteins / chemistry
  • tau Proteins / metabolism

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins
  • Prions
  • Protein Aggregates
  • alpha-Synuclein
  • tau Proteins