Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have large surface-to-volume ratios; thus, surface control is critical, especially when CQDs are utilized in optoelectronic devices. Layer-by-layer solid-state ligand exchange is a facile and applicable process for the formation of conductive CQD solids through various ligands; however, achieving complete ligand exchange on the CQD surface without dangling bonds is challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that CQDs can be further passivated through two-step annealing; air annealing forms sulfonate bonding at (111) Pb-rich surfaces, and subsequent N2 annealing removes insulating oxygen layers from the (100) surfaces of CQDs. By subsequently conducting annealing treatment in two different environments, traps on the surface of CQDs could be significantly reduced. We achieved a 40.8% enhancement of the power conversion efficiency by optimizing each two-step annealing process.
Keywords: colloidal quantum dot; complete passivation; solar cells; surface traps; two-step annealing.