Connecting Peripheral to Central Neuropathy: Examination of Nerve Conduction Combined with Olfactory Tests in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Wenyu Ni; Zhou Zhang; Bing Zhang; Wen Zhang; Haiyan Cheng; Yingwen Miao; Wei Chen; Jiani Liu; Dalong Zhu; Yan Bi

doi:10.2147/DMSO.S312021

Connecting Peripheral to Central Neuropathy: Examination of Nerve Conduction Combined with Olfactory Tests in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021 Jul 6:14:3097-3107. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S312021. eCollection 2021.

Authors

Wenyu Ni^#¹, Zhou Zhang^#¹, Bing Zhang², Wen Zhang², Haiyan Cheng¹, Yingwen Miao¹, Wei Chen¹, Jiani Liu², Dalong Zhu¹, Yan Bi¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
² Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.

^# Contributed equally.

Abstract

Aim: Few studies have investigated the associations between diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and cognitive decline. Olfactory impairment is related to neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the cognitive alterations of patients with DPN and the role of olfactory function in DPN are not known. We explored alterations in cognition with DPN and the associations of neuropathy parameters with cognition and olfaction.

Methods: Healthy controls (HCs) and patients with T2DM underwent nerve-conduction tests, detailed cognitive assessment, olfactory-behavior tests, and odor-induced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). T2DM patients were divided into two groups (non-DPN [NDPN] and DPN). Olfactory brain regions showing different activation between the two groups were selected for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. A structural equation model (SEM) was also generated to demonstrate the association among cognition, olfactory, and neuropathy parameters.

Results: One hundred individuals (36 HCs, 36 NDPN, and 28 DPN) were matched for age, sex, and educational level. Compared with the NDPN group, the DPN group had significantly lower scores for memory and processing speed, as well as lower olfactory identification and memory scores, decreased activation of the left frontal lobe, and reduced seed-based functional connectivity in the right insula. The nerve conduction velocity in patients with T2DM was associated with cognitive functions. The association between nerve conduction and executive function was mediated by olfactory behavior.

Conclusion: Patients with DPN had worse cognition than the NDPN patients in the domains of memory and processing speed. Cognitive dysfunction could be predicted by olfactory-behavior tests and electrophysiological examination.

Keywords: cognitive dysfunction; odor-induced brain activation; olfactory behavior; peripheral neuropathy; type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Awards (82000775, 82030026, 81970689, 81970704, 81770819, 81703294, 81800752, 81900787, and 81800719), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1304804 and 2017YFC1309605), the Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (ZDXKB2016012), the Key Project of Nanjing Clinical Medical Science, the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province of China (BE2015604 and BE2016606), the Jiangsu Provincial Medical Talent (ZDRCA2016062), the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province of China (YY-086), the Scientific Research Project of the Fifth Phase of “333 Project” of Jiangsu Province of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (021414380444).