Unanticipated rare adverse events and the surgeon startle response in ophthalmic surgery

Affiliations

• ¹ Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
• ² Department of Ophthalmology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ³ Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
• ⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• ⁵ Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. jda5@cumc.columbia.edu.