1 Center for Outcomes Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: jains@chop.edu.
2 The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
3 Center for Outcomes Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
4 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
5 The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
6 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
7 Center for Outcomes Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.