Virtual Reality Simulation Training for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Surgery: Face and Content Validity Study

Amir H Sadeghi; Jette J Peek; Samuel A Max; Liselot L Smit; Bryan G Martina; Rodney A Rosalia; Wouter Bakhuis; Ad Jjc Bogers; Edris Af Mahtab

doi:10.2196/30456

Virtual Reality Simulation Training for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Surgery: Face and Content Validity Study

JMIR Serious Games. 2022 Mar 2;10(1):e30456. doi: 10.2196/30456.

Authors

Amir H Sadeghi^#¹, Jette J Peek^#^{1

2}, Samuel A Max^{1

3}, Liselot L Smit¹, Bryan G Martina¹, Rodney A Rosalia^{1

4}, Wouter Bakhuis¹, Ad Jjc Bogers¹, Edris Af Mahtab¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
² Educational Program Technical Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Delft University of Technology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Leiden, Delft, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
³ Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁴ Department of Clinical Research, Zan Mitrev Clinic, Skopje, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 35234652
PMCID: PMC8928050
DOI: 10.2196/30456

Abstract

Background: Cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery commonly has a reversible cause, where emergency resternotomy is often required for treatment, as recommended by international guidelines. We have developed a virtual reality (VR) simulation for training of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency resternotomy procedures after cardiac surgery, the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Virtual Reality Simulator (CPVR-sim). Two fictive clinical scenarios were used: one case of pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and a combined case of PEA and ventricular fibrillation. In this prospective study, we researched the face validity and content validity of the CPVR-sim.

Objective: We designed a prospective study to assess the feasibility and to establish the face and content validity of two clinical scenarios (shockable and nonshockable cardiac arrest) of the CPVR-sim partly divided into a group of novices and experts in performing CPR and emergency resternotomies in patients after cardiac surgery.

Methods: Clinicians (staff cardiothoracic surgeons, physicians, surgical residents, nurse practitioners, and medical students) participated in this study and performed two different scenarios, either PEA or combined PEA and ventricular fibrillation. All participants (N=41) performed a simulation and completed the questionnaire rating the simulator's usefulness, satisfaction, ease of use, effectiveness, and immersiveness to assess face validity and content validity.

Results: Responses toward face validity and content validity were predominantly positive in both groups. Most participants in the PEA scenario (n=26, 87%) felt actively involved in the simulation, and 23 (77%) participants felt in charge of the situation. The participants thought it was easy to learn how to interact with the software (n=24, 80%) and thought that the software responded adequately (n=21, 70%). All 15 (100%) expert participants preferred VR training as an addition to conventional training. Moreover, 13 (87%) of the expert participants would recommend VR training to other colleagues, and 14 (93%) of the expert participants thought the CPVR-sim was a useful method to train for infrequent post-cardiac surgery emergencies requiring CPR. Additionally, 10 (91%) of the participants thought it was easy to move in the VR environment, and that the CPVR-sim responded adequately in this scenario.

Conclusions: We developed a proof-of-concept VR simulation for CPR training with two scenarios of a patient after cardiac surgery, which participants found was immersive and useful. By proving the face validity and content validity of the CPVR-sim, we present the first step toward a cardiothoracic surgery VR training platform.

Keywords: cardiac surgery; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; digital health; emergency resternotomy; medical training; serious games; simulation training; virtual reality; virtual reality simulation; virtual training.

©Amir H Sadeghi, Jette J Peek, Samuel A Max, Liselot L Smit, Bryan G Martina, Rodney A Rosalia, Wouter Bakhuis, Ad JJC Bogers, Edris AF Mahtab. Originally published in JMIR Serious Games (https://games.jmir.org), 02.03.2022.