Rare antibody-mediated and seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: An update

Autoimmun Rev. 2022 Jul;21(7):103118. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103118. Epub 2022 May 18.

Abstract

Paralleling advances with respect to more common antibody-mediated encephalitides, such as anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) Ab-mediated encephalitis, the discovery and characterisation of novel antibody-mediated encephalitides accelerated over the past decade, adding further depth etiologically to the spectrum of antibody-mediated encephalitis. Herein, we review the major mechanistic, clinical features and management considerations with respect to anti-γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB)-, anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropinoic receptor- (AMPAR), anti-GABAA-, anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX) Ab-mediated encephalitides, delineate rarer subtypes and summarise findings to date regarding seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.

Keywords: Anti- GABA(A) encephalitis; Anti-AMPAR encephalitis; Anti-DPPX encephalitis; Anti-GABA(B) encephalitis; Rare ab-mediated encephalitis; Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis*
  • Autoantibodies
  • Encephalitis* / diagnosis
  • Hashimoto Disease* / diagnosis
  • Humans
  • Proteins

Substances

  • Autoantibodies
  • Proteins

Supplementary concepts

  • Hashimoto's encephalitis