Evaluation of blood pressure trajectories and outcome in critically ill children with initial hypertension on admission to Paediatric Intensive Care

Abstract

Objective: Hypertension on paediatric intensive care (PICU) is associated with adverse outcomes. Management is complex; hypertension often represents a physiological adaptive response and exposure to hypertension could lead to altered pressure-flow autoregulation. International treatment consensus is to avoid rapid blood pressure (BP) reduction. Our aim was to examine if the rate and magnitude of BP reduction in hypertensive patients was correlated with harm.

Patients and methods: We performed a single centre, retrospective, observational study in a quaternary PICU analysing the first 24 h post admission high resolution BP profiles of children with admission BP above the 95^th centile. Individual BP profiles were analysed regarding both time spent and magnitude below a threshold; 75% of the admission BP in the first 24 h. Outcomes were organ support-free days at day 28, change in serum creatinine and PICU mortality.

Main findings: Of 3069 admissions in a 36-month period (2016-2018), 21.7% had initial hypertension on admission to PICU. A total of 3,259,111 BP measurements (99.4% invasive) were available. Pre-existing hypertension was documented in 4.9% of patients. Both time spent and magnitude below threshold BP was poorly correlated with duration of required organ support and risk of death after adjusting for PIM score, pre-existing hypertension and raised intracranial pressure. We did find an association with a rise in serum creatinine on both uni- and multivariable analysis.

Conclusions: The risk of harm due to early and significant reduction of raised blood pressure in critically ill children appears to be limited.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Adolescent; Child; Critical illness; Hypertension; Mortality.