1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
2 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona.
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
4 Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California.
5 Divisions of Regional Anesthesia and Perioperative Informatics, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
6 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.