N, N-Alkylation Clarifies the Role of N- and O-Protonated Intermediates in Cyclen-Based 64Cu Radiopharmaceuticals

Inorg Chem. 2023 Jan 30;62(4):1362-1376. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02907. Epub 2022 Dec 9.

Abstract

Radioisotopes of Cu, such as 64Cu and 67Cu, are alluring targets for imaging (e.g., positron emission tomography, PET) and radiotherapeutic applications. Cyclen-based macrocyclic polyaminocarboxylates are one of the most frequently examined bifunctional chelators in vitro and in vivo, including the FDA-approved 64Cu radiopharmaceutical, Cu(DOTATATE) (Detectnet); however, connections between the structure of plausible reactive intermediates and their stability under physiologically relevant conditions remain to be established. In this study, we share the synthesis of a cyclen-based, N,N-alkylated spirocyclic chelate, H2DO3AC4H8, which serves as a model for N-protonation. Our combined experimental (in vitro and in vivo) and computational studies unravel complex pH-dependent speciation and enable side-by-side comparison of N- and O-protonated species of relevant 64Cu radiopharmaceuticals. Our studies suggest that N-protonated species are not inherently unstable species under physiological conditions and demonstrate the potential of N,N-alkylation as a tool for the rational design of future radiopharmaceuticals.

MeSH terms

  • Alkylation
  • Chelating Agents / chemistry
  • Copper Radioisotopes / chemistry
  • Cyclams*
  • Positron-Emission Tomography / methods
  • Radiopharmaceuticals / chemistry
  • Tissue Distribution

Substances

  • cyclen
  • Cyclams
  • Radiopharmaceuticals
  • Copper Radioisotopes
  • Chelating Agents