1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Urban Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: penggong@tsinghua.edu.cn.
2 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA.
3 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
4 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
5 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; AI for Earth Laboratory, Cross-Strait Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
6 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Urban Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
7 International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
8 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumchi 830011, China.
9 Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
10 National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology in Forestry & Ecology in South China, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
11 College of Surveying & Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
12 Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
13 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
14 Beijing Institute of Urban Planning, Beijing 100045, China.
15 Department of Urban Planning, School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
16 College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China.
17 Research Center for Digital Mountain and Remote Sensing Application, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
18 Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
19 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; China Regional Coordinated Development and Rural Construction Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
20 School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Remote Sensing Big Data Application, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
21 Department of Land Surveying and Geoinformatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
22 College of Geography and Marine Science, Yanbian University, Hunchun 133300, China.
23 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research (Ministry of Education), Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 332000, China; School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 332000, China.
24 School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
25 Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
26 Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
27 Department of Urban Planning, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
28 School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
29 Shenzhen Research Center of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen 518000, China.
30 School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
31 Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
32 Shenzhen (Su Mo) School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
33 Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
34 School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
36 Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
37 Department of Surveying Engineering and Geoinformatics, Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, China.
38 School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China.
39 AI for Earth Laboratory, Cross-Strait Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
40 Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
41 Tsinghua Urban Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
42 College of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
43 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
44 College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
45 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
46 School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
47 Hong Kong Baptist University, KLN, Hong Kong, China.
48 Google LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
49 US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
50 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua Urban Institute, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: bingxu@tsinghua.edu.cn.