Background: Concentric remodeling (cRM) can precede heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a condition prevalent in women.
Methods: Patients (n=60 593, 54.2% women) visiting outpatient clinics of Cardiology Centers of the Netherlands were analyzed for cRM, HFpEF development, and mortality risk. We studied risk factors for relative wall thickness both sex-stratified and in women and men combined. Biomarker profiling was performed (4534 plasma proteins) in a substudy involving 557 patients (65.4% women) to identify pathways involved in cRM.
Results: cRM was present in 23.5% of women and 27.6% of men and associated with developing HFpEF (HR, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.51-2.99]) and mortality risk (HR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.00-1.19]) in both sexes. Age, heart rate, and hypertension were statistically significantly stronger risk factors for relative wall thickness in women than men. Higher circulating levels of IFNA5 (interferon alpha-5) were associated with higher relative wall thickness in women only. Pathway analysis revealed differential pathway activation by sex and increased expression of inflammatory pathways in women.
Conclusions: cRM is prevalent in approximately 1 in 4 women and men visiting outpatient cardiology clinics and associated with HFpEF development and mortality risk in both sexes. Known risk factors for cRM were more strongly associated in women than men. Proteomic analysis revealed inflammatory pathway activation in women, with a central role for IFNA5. Differential biologic pathway activation by sex in cRM may contribute to the female predominance of HFpEF and holds promise for identification of new therapeutic avenues for prevention and treatment of HFpEF.
Registration: URL: https://www.
Clinicaltrials: gov; Unique identifier: NCT001747.
Keywords: echocardiography; heart failure; interferons; prevention & control; prognosis; proteomics; sex characteristics.