Classification of recurrent major depressive disorder using a new time series feature extraction method through multisite rs-fMRI data

Abstract

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a high rate of recurrence. Identifying patients with recurrent MDD is advantageous in adopting prevention strategies to reduce the disabling effects of depression.

Method: We propose a novel feature extraction method that includes dynamic temporal information, and inputs the extracted features into a graph convolutional network (GCN) to achieve classification of recurrent MDD. We extract the average time series using an atlas from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Pearson correlation was calculated between brain region sequences at each time point, representing the functional connectivity at each time point. The connectivity is used as the adjacency matrix and the brain region sequences as node features for a GCN model to classify recurrent MDD. Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) was used to analyze the contribution of different brain regions to the model. Brain regions making greater contribution to classification were considered to be the regions with altered brain function in recurrent MDD.

Result: We achieved a classification accuracy of 75.8 % for recurrent MDD on the multi-site dataset, the Rest-meta-MDD. The brain regions closely related to recurrent MDD have been identified.

Limitation: The pre-processing stage may affect the final classification performance and harmonizing site differences may improve the classification performance.

Conclusion: The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively classify recurrent MDD and extract dynamic changes of brain activity patterns in recurrent depression.

Keywords: Connectivity at each time point; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Graph convolutional network; Graph neural network; Recurrent major depressive disorder.