A conceptual model of the continuous glucose monitoring integration process for older adults with diabetes developed using participatory systems science methods

Abstract

Aims: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use remains low in older adults. We aimed to develop a conceptual model of CGM integration among older adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We previously engaged older adults with type 1 diabetes using participatory system science methods to develop a model of the system of factors that shape CGM integration. To validate and expand the model, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 older adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and 3 caregivers. Vignettes representing each integration phase were used to elicit outcomes and strategies to support CGM use. Data were analyzed using team-based causal loop diagraming.

Results: The model includes six phases spanning (1) CGM uptake; (2) device set-up; acquisition of (3) belief in oneself to use CGM effectively; (4) belief that CGM is preferable to blood glucose monitoring; (5) belief in future CGM benefits CGM; and (6) development of a sense of reliance on CGM. Causal loop diagrams visualize factors and feedback loops shaping outcomes at each phase. Participants proposed support strategies spanning clinical, educational, and behavioral interventions.

Conclusions: The model underscores the complex transition of learning new technology and provides opportunities for tailored support for older adults.

Keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Geriatrics; Participatory research; Qualitative research; Systems thinking.