Background: Recent molecular surveillance suggests an unexpectedly high prevalence of non-falciparum malaria in Africa. Malaria control is also challenged by undetected asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria resulting in an undetectable reservoir for potential transmission. Context-specific surveillance of asymptomatic P. falciparum and non-falciparum species is needed to properly inform malaria control programs.
Methods: We performed quantitative real time PCR for four malaria species in 4,595 primarily adult individuals in Rwanda using the 2014-2015 Demographic Health Survey. We assessed correlates of infection by species to explore attributes associated with each species. Asymptomatic P. ovale spp., P. malariae, and P. falciparum malaria infection had broad spatial distribution across Rwanda. P. vivax infection was rare.
Results: Overall infection prevalence was 23.6% (95%CI [21.7%, 26.0%]), with P. falciparum and non-falciparum at 17.6% [15.9%, 19.0%] and 8.3% [7.0%, 10.0%], respectively. Parasitemias tended to be low and mixed species infections were common, especially where malaria transmission and overall prevalence was the highest. P. falciparum infection was associated with lower wealth, rural residence and low elevation. Fewer factors were associated with non-falciparum malaria.
Conclusions: Asymptomatic non-falciparum malaria and P. falciparum malaria are common and widely distributed across Rwanda in adults. Continued molecular monitoring of Plasmodium spp. is needed to strengthen malaria control.
Keywords: Plasmodium; asymptomatic; falciparum; malariae; ovale; vivax.