Development of a CD163-Targeted PET Radiotracer That Images Resident Macrophages in Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Tissue-resident macrophages are complementary to proinflammatory macrophages to promote the progression of atherosclerosis. The noninvasive detection of their presence and dynamic variation will be important to the understanding of their role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to develop a targeted PET radiotracer for imaging CD163-positive (CD163+) macrophages in multiple mouse atherosclerosis models and assess the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in humans. Methods: CD163-binding peptide was identified using phage display and conjugated with a NODAGA chelator for ⁶⁴Cu radiolabeling ([⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01). CD163-overexpressing U87 cells were used to measure the binding affinity of [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01. Biodistribution studies were performed on wild-type C57BL/6 mice at multiple time points after tail vein injection. The sensitivity and specificity of [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01 in imaging CD163+ macrophages upregulated on the surface of atherosclerotic plaques were assessed in multiple mouse atherosclerosis models. Immunostaining, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing were performed to characterize the expression of CD163 on tissue-resident macrophages. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were used to measure the expression of CD163+ resident macrophages and test the binding specificity of [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01. Results: [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01 showed high binding affinity to U87 cells. The biodistribution study showed rapid blood and renal clearance with low retention in all major organs at 1, 2, and 4 h after injection. In an ApoE^-/- mouse model, [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01 demonstrated sensitive and specific detection of CD163+ macrophages and capability for tracking the progression of atherosclerotic lesions; these findings were further confirmed in Ldlr^-/- and PCSK9 mouse models. Immunostaining showed elevated expression of CD163+ macrophages across the plaques. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the specific expression of CD163 on tissue-resident macrophages. Human tissue characterization demonstrated high expression of CD163+ macrophages on atherosclerotic lesions, and ex vivo autoradiography revealed specific binding of [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01 to human CD163. Conclusion: This work reported the development of a PET radiotracer binding CD163+ macrophages. The elevated expression of CD163+ resident macrophages on human plaques indicated the potential of CD163 as a biomarker for vulnerable plaques. The sensitivity and specificity of [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-ICT-01 in imaging CD163+ macrophages warrant further investigation in translational settings.

Keywords: CD163; PET; atherosclerosis; resident macrophages; targeting.