Can placebo-controlled phase 2 disease-modifying therapy trials in MS still be justified?

Affiliations

• ¹ The Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: g.giovannoni@qmul.ac.uk.
• ² The Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
• ³ The University of Newcastle, Australia.
• ⁴ Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Paediatrics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto.
• ⁶ Shift.ms, Platform, New Station Street, LS1 4JB, United Kingdom.
• ⁷ The Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.