Beliefs negatively mediate adolescents' and adults' knowledge about sickle cell disease prevention and relationship choices; a one-center exploratory study in Central Region, Ghana

Godfred Kiteinkwa Laar; Justine Mwinbeku; Ebenezer Allotey Pappoe; Emmanuella Obike; Elizabeth Ankomah; Belinda Baidoo; Diana Baaba Morrison; Joseph Boachie; Patrick Adu

doi:10.1186/s13690-024-01379-1

Beliefs negatively mediate adolescents' and adults' knowledge about sickle cell disease prevention and relationship choices; a one-center exploratory study in Central Region, Ghana

Arch Public Health. 2024 Aug 27;82(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13690-024-01379-1.

Authors

Godfred Kiteinkwa Laar¹, Justine Mwinbeku¹, Ebenezer Allotey Pappoe¹, Emmanuella Obike¹, Elizabeth Ankomah¹, Belinda Baidoo¹, Diana Baaba Morrison¹, Joseph Boachie¹, Patrick Adu²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
² Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. patrick.adu@ucc.edu.gh.

Abstract

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common monogenic inheritable condition in sub-Saharan Africa. 30% of Ghanaians are estimated to be carriers creating a condition for stable SCD penetrance. Being inheritable, SCD is scientifically preventable through intentional spousal selection. This study therefore explored young adults' knowledge, beliefs and prevention strategies regarding SCD.

Methods: This exploratory study employed a mixed-methods approach (semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussion [FGD]) to explore the SCD knowledge and beliefs of participants (15-49 years). The data collection was intentionally sequential; initial administration of 386 questionnaires and then followed by the FGD (16 participants). FGD was thematically analysed whereas quantitative data was explored using structural equation modeling (SEM); p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant under two-tailed assumptions.

Results: Whereas 98.7% reported having heard about SCD, < 50% got the information through formal education. Overall, 49.7% knew their respective SCD status; the proportion increased with age (48.8% in < 30 years vs 64.4% in ≥ 30 years old), or higher degree status (48.8% in undergraduates vs 67.4% in postgraduates). Moreover, whereas nine-in-ten correctly identified that SCD is hereditable, three-in-ten believed that having a SCD child was a matter of fate. Our FGD revealed that whereas curses, and spiritual attack were misconceived as potential causes of SCD, stigmatization associated with SCD was a major concern. The SEM demonstrated that one's knowledge about SCD prevention is significantly positively associated with relationship choices (b = 0.757, p < 0.05). Also, a participant's knowledge about SCD preventive strategies was significantly associated with the individual's beliefs about SCD (b = 0.335; p < 0.05). However, a participant's SCD beliefs negatively mediated SCD preventive strategies-relationship choices association.

Conclusions: SCD beliefs likely transform linear quantitative associations into a complex non-linear interaction; public health campaigns ought to unearth and address SCD beliefs to maximize achieving the intended targets.

Keywords: Focus group discussion; Mixed-methods; Sickle cell disease; Structural equation modeling.