Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections: A Contemporary Review

Abstract

Infections associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are increasing and are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. This article summarizes the latest updates with respect to the epidemiology, microbiology, and risk factors for CIED-related infections. It also covers important considerations regarding the diagnosis, management, and prevention of these infections. Newer technologies such as leadless pacemakers and subcutaneous implantable cardioverters and defibrillators are discussed.

Keywords: Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices; Endocarditis; Implantable cardioverter defibrillator; Infection; Pacemaker.